在自主中探索,在探索中发展
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发布时间:2009-03-09 来源: |
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在自主中探索,在探索中发展</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>------“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">整除的数的特征”的教学案例</SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王谨</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“能被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">整除的数的特征”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">这一课以前在引入新课时<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>总是先让学生说出一个数,然后教师立刻猜出这个数能否被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除,由此,学生引起好奇<SPAN lang=EN-US>, </SPAN>为什么老师会算的这么快?于是主动找其中的规律,最后得出能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除的数的特征。 <SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>自主合作探究式<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>教学模式研究后发现<SPAN lang=EN-US>:</SPAN>这样做虽然学生能掌握知识,但缺少主动参与。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有效的数学学习不能单纯的依赖模仿与记忆,应通过动手实践、自主探索和合作交流,促进思想在学生头脑里产生。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">因此,今年教学时我改变了教学模式,把全班学生分成八个小组,每个小组给予不同数量的小棒,让他们把小棒放在面积器上,并记录实验过程:几根小棒摆的,摆成的数是几,能否被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除。这样,学生在动手操作的过程中,对能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除的数有了一定认识。这一过程是在学生的操作过程中完成的,对于学生理解算理有了很大的帮助,利于激发学生的好奇心,有利于培养学生的探究品质和动手能力。学生动手操作后,我又提问:<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>怎样的数能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除,你发现了什么?<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>先让学生独立思考,然后小组进行交流。学生有的说因为小棒的数量是<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>的倍数<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除,也有的说各个数位上的数加起来能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除,这个数能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除。这些答案虽然说没有书本上那么完整但毕竟是学生在独立思考、集体合作后得到的,印象非常深刻。在学生回答的基础上教师小结出了能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除的数的特征,这样,知识就在学生的交流合作中得到了完成。而且,学生在交流的过程中,相互弥补,相互借鉴<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>相互启发<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>形成立体的思维网络,让每个小组成员都能动手动脑<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>是发展其创造力的良好机会和方法,也培养了学生的集体合作意识。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">反</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">思:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>一、了解起点,在原有基础上自主探索。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>学生的学习不是简单的信息积累,是新旧知识、经验的相互作用,及由此而引发的认知结构的重组。也就是说,学习是学生的经验体系在一定环境中自内而外的生长,它必须以学习者的已有知识经验为基础来实现知识的建构。教学不能无视学习者的已有知识经验,简单强硬的从外部学习者实施知识的填灌,而是应当把学习者原有的知识经验为基础来作为知识的生长点,引导学习者从原由的知识经验中,生长新的知识经验。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>二、鼓励发现,在自主探索中得到发展。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建构主义理论认为:知识不是通过教师的传授获得,而是学生在一定的情境中,借助他人的帮助,利用必要的资料,通过一一建构的方式而获得。我首先从改变学生的学习方式入手,来改变自身的教学行为。教法的选择不再只是呈现现成的知识,而是为学生创设主动探索知识的情境。在教学过程中,我</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">给予每个小组不同数量的小棒,让他们把小棒放在面积器上,并记录实验过程:几根小棒摆的,摆成的数是几,能否被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除。学生动手操作后,我又提问:<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>怎样的数能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除,你发现了什么?<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">先以小组为单位进行交流,然后进行全班交流。促进学生互相交流、互相启发、主动构建新的认知结构,让不同的学生得到不同的发展。在学生在交流</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.shuxueweb.com/2006/zhongxue/Index.html"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#333333>中学</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">积极表现,大胆发表自己的观察所得,交流自己对知识的理解,得出能被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">整除的数的特征,分享着知识交流的乐趣。最后再让学生验证他们的到的结论的正确性。学生在大量的材料中放手观察、猜测、验证了、推理,学生获得的新知的不是由教师向学生传递,而是学生主动构建自己知识的过程。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>三、体验感受,在感悟探索中得到发展。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是感知的过程,就是感受,观察,实践的过程;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">悟</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是了解、领会、理解、觉悟的过程;感悟表现为探索、试验、猜测、直觉、思考、渐悟、顿悟、创新等方面。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感悟学习</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的认知过程和心理历程离不开主体参与的各项数学活动。活动生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,反思得</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">悟</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;没有亲历其境的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,不会有永生难忘的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">悟</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">得越深刻,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">悟</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">得越透彻。最后让学生分组进行验证。这样,让学生通过观察</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分析</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">假设</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">验证的学习过程来发现知识、感悟方法,促使学生学会学习。让学生在亲身经历大量感性材料中感悟到数学知识的产生,真正建构起充满生命力的数学知识,体验数学学习的无穷乐趣。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>四、交流合作,在反思探索中得到发展。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们的课堂教学,必须加强对学生合作意识的培养。及时组织学生进行讨论、交流(可以是小组交流,也可以是全班交流),让他们表达出自己的见解,促使他们在互相交流中,不断反思自己的思维过程,吸取他人长处,弥补自己的不足,从而实现自主探索学习的途径。在本课中我</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.shuxueweb.com/Soft/Class9/Index.html"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#333333>设计</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">怎样的数能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除,你发现了什么?”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">问题一提出,学生有自己探索,也有和同伴交流进行探索,这便给学生提供了主动发展的时间和空间。全班开始了积极的探索,汇报时:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">有的说因为小棒的数量是<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>的倍数<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除;也有的说各个数位上的数加起来能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除,这个数能被<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>整除。……</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一个生动活泼的学习形式油然而生,全班同学焕发出极大的创造激情、自由地、主动地投身于数学活动中。这样的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.shuxueweb.com/Soft/Class9/Index.html"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#333333>设计</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吸引了全体学生参与探索,课堂生动活泼,沉闷的气氛被打破,自主、审美、创新的气氛在课堂弥漫……。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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